磷肥中腐植酸添加比例对玉米产量、磷素吸收及土壤速效磷含量的影响

李军; 袁亮; 赵秉强; 李燕婷; 温延臣; 李伟; 林治安

doi:10.11674/zwyf.16319

磷肥中腐植酸添加比例对玉米产量、磷素吸收及土壤速效磷含量的影响

Effect of adding humic acid to phosphorous fertilizer on maize yield and phosphorus uptake and soil available phosphorus content

摘要

摘要:
目的腐植酸可提高磷肥的肥效，对于其在磷肥中适宜添加量的研究可为我国磷肥的“增效减量”提供依据。
方法将腐植酸增效剂按 1%、5%、10% 和 20% 的比例添加到磷酸一铵中，制成四种腐植酸磷肥试验产品 (HP1、HP2、HP3 和 HP4)，利用土柱栽培试验研究在等磷量 (施 P₂O₅ 量 0.1 g/kg 干土) 投入及等肥料重量 (施磷肥实物量 0.16 g/kg 干土，即施 P₂O₅ 量分别减少 1%、5%、10%、20%) 投入情况下，腐植酸磷肥对玉米产量、磷素吸收利用及土壤速效磷含量的影响。
结果1) 在等磷量施用情况下，与普通磷肥 (P) 相比，四种腐植酸磷肥处理玉米籽粒产量增加 4.5%～13.6%，且腐植酸添加量越大产量越高，均显著高于普通磷肥处理；在等肥料重量施用下，随着腐植酸磷肥施入 P₂O₅ 量的减少，玉米籽粒产量逐渐降低，当 P₂O₅ 施用量减少 20% 时籽粒产量与普通磷肥处理相比仍未显著降低。2) 腐植酸磷肥处理在等磷量施用下较普通磷肥处理可显著提高玉米籽粒磷吸收量和地上部吸磷总量，分别增加 6.0%～15.4% 和 6.3%～14.0%，但秸秆磷吸收量无显著变化；当腐植酸磷肥施入 P₂O₅ 量减少 20% 时籽粒磷吸收量和地上部磷吸收总量会显著低于普通磷肥处理。3) 与普通磷肥处理相比，在等磷量施用下，腐植酸磷肥的表观利用率提高 5.9～13.1 个百分点，农学利用率、偏生产力分别提高 26.5%～79.1%、4.5%～13.5%，且均达到显著水平。4) 施入腐植酸后主要影响 0—50 cm 土层的土壤速效磷含量，其中 15—30 cm 土层速效磷含量增加最为显著，与普通磷肥处理相比增加 18.1%～36.6%。
结论腐植酸增效剂在 1%～20% 的添加比例范围内对磷肥均具有较好的增效作用，可提高玉米产量、磷素吸收量及磷肥利用效率，并可提高土壤中的速效磷含量，且腐植酸添加量越大效果越好；利用腐植酸的增效作用来减少磷肥施用量是可行的，在当前磷肥施用量的基础上可减少磷肥用量 20% 左右而保证玉米不减产。

Abstract:
ObjectivesHumic acid has been proved to be able to improve the use efficiency of phosphorous fertilizers. Research on the appropriate addition dosage will provide scientific way in reducing application rates of P₂O₅ through the synergistic effect of humic acid.
MethodsFour kinds of humic acid P fertilizer (HP1, HP2, HP3 and HP4) were made by adding different proportions of HA (the added proportions were 1%, 5%, 10% and 20%, respectively) to mono-ammonium phosphate(P). A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of HP on maize yield, phosphorus uptake, P fertilizer use efficiency and the content of soil available phosphorus under the same P₂O₅ application rate and the reduction of P₂O₅ application rates (P₂O₅ application rates were decreased by 1%, 5%, 10% and 20%, respectively).
Results1) Compared with the normal P treatment, the grain yields of the HPs were significantly increased by 4.5% to 13.6% with the increase of added proportion of HA under the same P₂O₅ application rate. The reduction of the P₂O₅ application rate can lead to the decrease of the grain yields, but there was no significant decrease while the P₂O₅ application rate was reduced by 20%. 2) The grain phosphorus uptakes and aboveground phosphorus uptakes of the HPs were significantly increased by 6.0% to 15.4% and 6.3% to 14.0% compared to the normal P treatment under the same P₂O₅ application rate, but there were significant differences when the P₂O₅ application rate was reduced by 20%. 3) The phosphate apparent efficiencies of the HPs were increased by percentage points of 5.9 to 13.1, and the agronomic efficiencies and partial factor productivities were increased by 26.5%–79.1% and 4.5%–13.5% under the same P₂O₅ application rate. 4) Compared with the normal P treatment, humic acid mainly affected the soil available phosphorus contents in 0–50 cm soil layer. In particular, the soil available phosphorus contents of the HPs in 15–30 cm soil layer were increased by 18.1% to 36.6%.
ConclusionsAddition of humic acid shows satisfactory role in improving maize yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization, and increasing the soil available phosphorus contents under the same phosphorus input rate (P₂O₅ 0.1 g/kg soil). P₂O₅ application rate can be reduced by about 20% through the synergistic effect of humic acid without affecting the yield.

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